PART II: FASTER THAN LIGHT!?

Because of Einstein’s theory of relativity we have been told that nothing can go faster than light and his equation E=mc² will cause mass to increase infinitely as it approaches the speed of light. While any physicist will tell you this is true it is strictly a mathematical concept and has nothing to do with reality.


To understand this we must understand the mathematical concepts of zero and infinity. They are strictly mathematical contrivances designed by mathematicians for the purpose of explaining things in mathematics that could not be explained otherwise. They do serve an express purpose in mathematics but have a limited function in reality.

In mathematics one is told that zero is equal to nothing, but this is not true. It is equal to none not nothing. It is used in mathematics as a starting reference point. Everything has to start somewhere. And before you can have one of anything you must have none. In the number line it would be difficult to explain how you can go from ...-3, -2,-1, to 1, 2, 3… without a demarcation in between, a point of reference, a separation from the positive and the negative. Ancient mathematicians had this problem of representing what they had before they had one of anything. It was the Persians that invented the concept of zero to represent none of anything. It did not mean that something of anything did not exist but that you had none of anything until you had one of something. Therefore the number line became …-3.-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3…; a mirror of itself with zero as a reference starting point dividing the positive from the negative.

The concept of infinity, the opposite of zero, also was a mathematical convention in order to assist mathematicians, but in the real world everything has a beginning and an ending point. So in fact, infinity only exists in the mathematician’s world. To demonstrate the truth you only have to understand that infinity, in mathematics, exists between every number. You can write .99999999999…ad infinitum(to infinity, ironic) without ever reaching 1, or you can write ….00000000000001, ad infinitum, without ever reaching zero. Infinity was simply the answer to the ancient Greek Zeno’s question of taking half the distance to the wall infinitely without ever reaching the wall. In fact, in mathematics you can make 1 equal to 0.99999… Let say X = .9999…; therefore 10X = 9.99999… So if we minus X from 10X we have 9X equal 9. Thus X = 1.

What does all this have to do with going faster than light? Einstein’s conclusion is based upon an unproven premise of reality. In fact, Newton’s kinetic energy equation, E = (mv²)/2, allows for unlimited velocities for mass. And actually the unified field equation, first written and published in 1834 by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, although it is not recognized as such, also allows such velocities for mass. The Hamiltonian, as it is now called, simply states that the total energy of any system was equal to the total potential energy, mc², of a system plus the total kinetic energy, (mv²)/2, of a system, in this case any system meaning any mass, or simply, E = (mc²)+(mv²)/2.
Hence, it takes enormous amounts of energy to exceed the velocity of light, but it can be done. If we allow v to equal nc, where n is equal to any partial or whole number times the speed of light c, then our equation reduces to; E = [(2+n²)/2]mc².

Hamilton wrote his formula in response to Newton’s laws of motion and Bernoulli’s fluid dynamics, but any physicist should be able to reason it out by simple logic that this is the unified theory for any field. Einstein demonstrates in his general theory how the Hamiltonian fits in, but since Einstein has already fudged his equations this is a forced fit. It does not follow as a natural outcome or a natural derivative.

If Einstein had simply removed the observer from his paper in 1905, DOES THE INERTIA OF A BODY DEPEND ON ITS ENERGY CONTENT, this equation should have been a natural derivative using any arbitrary point in space, such as the center of gravity. In his 1911 paper; ON THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITATION ON THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT, if he had simply chose Descartes’ concept of space being an extension of mass and that space contracts with respect to motion this would also have been the natural derivative. But both of these concepts were in violation of his fundamental premises that nothing could go faster than light, so we are still bogged down in this quagmire of reasoning.

If one reads the original paper on relativity; (ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES); at the end of the paper Einstein states that a ponderable mass will not exceed the velocity of light because you can make it a giant electron simply by adding a negative charge to it no matter how small.  This however does not explain what happens to neutral mass if it remains neutral, and you can make it a neutral mass simply by adding a proton with a positive charge and nullifying the negative charge.  In fact, it is the neutrons of the atom, the particles of 0 or neutral charge, they use to make the atomic bomb explode.  Neutrons are not deflected by a magnetic field as electrons and protons are.  This allows them to surge right through the outer shells of any atom and strike the nucleus releasing all that energy.

While modern scientists would have us believe that mass increases infinitely as it approaches the speed of light because of Einstein’s E=mc², this is not true.  It is only Newton’s law of kinetic energy, E=mv²/2, that covers neutral mass.  In Newton’s equation the mass can remain constant and the velocity increases infinitely.  The only way to describe the total concept of energy was first published in 1834 by Sir William Rowan Hamilton.  He stated simply that the total energy of any system, if we can consider any mass a total system, is by adding its total potential energy, E=mc², and its total kinetic energy, E=mv²/2, or simply mc²+mv²/2=E_T.  This is the unified field equation, and it allows for velocities much greater than the speed of light.

Addendum: Last year in March of 2011 the OPERA collaboration actually sent muon neutrinos from CERN near Geneva, Switzerland to the Grand Sasso National Laboratory in Italy at a velocity greater than light. They did this by stripping away all the charges associated with the muons and allowing only the neutral neutrinos to pass. These are neutral particles. These laboratories were 730 kilometers or 454 miles apart. The neutrinos traveled at about a factor of 2.48 x 10^-5 times faster than the speed of light, or 2.997998928529584 x 10⁸ versus 2.99792458 x 10⁸ meters per second. They published their paper in September of 2011. This experiment yet has to be duplicated by other laboratories, but it has the physics world in an uproar and very upset.

To give a little perspective to those unacquainted with these concepts I will try to explain. The neutrinos arrived 60 nanoseconds before expected. Light travels at about 11 inches in one nanosecond. So this is equivalent to 660 inches or 55 feet, the height of a five story building. This is quite significant.

Post Addendum: Since this discovery physicists around the world have sought to disclaim it fearing their concept of the universe was coming to an end. In the combing over the results with a fine tooth comb some technicians found a loose wire in the GPS unit that was used in the experiment. Physicists cried a sigh of relief and said when figuring the margin of error from this loose wire the experiment comes into parameters with relativity. However one technician said they must retest because the loose wire could have given results too low. So there still exists a dilemma as to whether the results of the OPERA collaboration are valid or not. My guess is that when they retest they may find results even higher, just my opinion though.

Where Einstein and Modern Physicists Fudged Up

The first thing that the aliens know, if there are intergalactic aliens, is that traveling at the speed of light and greater is not only possible, but common place for them and secondly, one does not travel into the past when exceeding the speed of light.

How is this possible when all our scientist and physicist say it is impossible because of Einstein’s theory of relativity and most experiments seem to bare this out?  The problem is that the fundamental theory was based upon a conventional logic of Einstein’s time which was flawed.  The conventional thought at the time of the formulation of the theory was that all mass was electromagnetic in origin.  That convention exists even to this day.

This is strictly an assumption with only circumstantial evidence to support this conclusion.  It stemmed from J.J. Thompson’s theoretical equation for the electromagnetic radius of an electron which he formulated in 1881.  Later in that century, 1898, he discovered the electron itself.  There is greater evidence, however, to support the fact that electromagnetism and gravitation are separate fields and must be added together to tell the whole story.

To understand this one must look back on the history of physics as far back as Newton.  When Newton formulated his equation and theory of gravitation he used only neutral mass, his newly formulated inverse square law, which has now been found to be pertinent to every field, and a constant to describe the force of gravity.  He knew nothing of electricity.  And although magnetism and electricity had been known to the ancient Greeks no one knew of their relationship.  It had not been discovered yet.

Both Coulomb, who formulated the electromagnetic force equation, and Maxwell, who formulated the Maxwell equations linking electricity and magnetism as one force, never used neutral mass as a component of their equation.  Because the equations are very similar in appearance and both use the inverse square law in the formula, scientist simply assumed this similarity, somehow, meant they were of the same origin.  It was Lord Raleigh who pushed the concept that the electromagnetic radius found theoretically by Thompson was the actual material radius of the electron as well.  He was wrong, but it became the accepted standard convention of the day and still exists today.

In 1911 Millikan used the separation of forces to find the specific charge to mass ratio, but by this time Einstein’s original theory of relativity had been published in his 1905 paper, “ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES.”  This had set the standard for E=mc².  But Einstein was working with the previous convention set by the physics community.  His paper should have been entitled, “ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING “CHARGED” BODIES.”  It is also interesting that in 1911 Einstein actually wrote a paper entitled, “ON THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITATION ON THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT,” and in this paper he shows, just as he did in his previous paper in 1905, that mass could gain energy from the gravitational field just as it did from the electromagnetic field.  And yet it still did not strike a chord with any physicist that the electromagnetic field and the gravitational field should be considered separate fields.

In 1916 Einstein published his General Theory of Relativity on the concept of gravitation, but in this paper, he fudged his equations to make them work out properly.  In 1919 Theodore Kaluza realized using Einstein’s equations one could find a unified field solution by having five dimensions rather than four, but he was still handicapped by the fact Einstein had fudged his equations in the General Theory.  And although today many of the string theories are based upon Kaluza’s argument they continue to be handicapped by Einstein’s fudged general theory.

Most people thought Einstein only fudged his equations when it came to the cosmological constant which he added later to explain a static universe, but the truth is he also fudged his equations in the General Theory and explains it by saying it was to make his equations work out properly.  Most ordinary people have not read the theory and don’t realize this, but most physicists just accept it as a necessity.  Because of the many equations in the general theory Einstein numbers his equations, and in equation number 49 he introduces a factor of -2k, and explains in a footnote that this necessity will be apparent later.  Indeed, later in section 16 he simply states it is because it makes his equations work properly.

The reason he added this factor is because when he published his paper in 1911 he realized he was off by a factor of ½ with all his equations.  When deciphering the perihelion of Mercury, he realized he needed to use escape velocity instead of orbital velocity.  Mercury needed escape velocity to go from a lower orbit at perihelion to rise to its higher orbit at aphelion.  So when he published his paper in 1915 on Mercury’s orbit around the sun he simply started with escape velocity which gave him the proper precess of Mercury’s semi-major axis around the sun.  This is the reason he added the factor of   -2k in the general theory.  Most physicists just accept it without question or wondering why it was necessary, no matter there was no other explanation for the -2k factor other than to make his equations work out to his satisfaction.  This would never be accepted by any high school physics teacher.  They would want to know where the -2k comes from.

The result of this is that his equations can’t be completely solved and we have extraneous, weird and wild theories with all kind of exotic mathematical explanations.  Some are valid while others are just lame and strange.  We will talk about what’s valid, what’s lame and what’s strange later, but first let us talk about faster than light travel.